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Studies

The studies

Every percentage on this site comes from one of these. 125 published studies, each with its own link — a DOI where one exists, a PMID for the older ones that never got one. Click it and the original opens. You don’t have to take our word for it.

Because we speak with scientific evidence and proof.

Retatrutide

  1. Jastreboff AM, et al. Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(6):514-526. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2301972
  2. Sanyal AJ, et al. Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial. Nat Med. 2024;30(7):2037-2048. doi:10.1038/s41591-024-03018-2
  3. Heerspink HJL, Lu Z, Du Y, et al. The Effect of Retatrutide on Kidney Parameters in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and/or Obesity. Kidney Int Rep. 2025;10(6):1980-1992. doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2025.03.049
  4. Heerspink HJL, van Raalte DH, Bjornstad P, et al. Rationale, design and baseline characteristics of the TRANSCEND-CKD trial of retatrutide in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2026;41(6):1058-1068. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfaf230
  5. Rosenstock J, Frias J, Jastreboff AM, et al. Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USA. Lancet. 2023;402(10401):529-544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01053-X
  6. Coskun T, Wu Q, Schloot NC, et al. Effects of retatrutide on body composition in people with type 2 diabetes: a substudy of a phase 2, double-blind, randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2025;13(8):674-684. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(25)00092-0
  7. Locatelli JC, Costa JG, Haynes A, et al. Incretin-Based Weight Loss Pharmacotherapy: Can Resistance Exercise Optimize Changes in Body Composition? Diabetes Care. 2024;47(10):1718-1730. doi:10.2337/dci23-0100

Tirzepatide — Mounjaro

  1. Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387(3):205-216. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2206038
  2. Aronne LJ, et al. Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction (SURMOUNT-4). JAMA. 2024;331(1):38-48. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.24945
  3. Packer M, Zile MR, Kramer CM, et al. Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(5):427-437. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2410027
  4. Heerspink HJL, Sattar N, Pavo I, et al. Effects of tirzepatide versus insulin glargine on kidney outcomes in type 2 diabetes in the SURPASS-4 trial: post-hoc analysis of an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(11):774-785. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00243-1
  5. Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):503-515. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2107519
  6. Heise T, DeVries JH, Urva S, et al. Tirzepatide Reduces Appetite, Energy Intake, and Fat Mass in People With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(5):998-1004. doi:10.2337/dc22-1710
  7. Locatelli JC, Costa JG, Haynes A, et al. Incretin-Based Weight Loss Pharmacotherapy: Can Resistance Exercise Optimize Changes in Body Composition? Diabetes Care. 2024;47(10):1718-1730. doi:10.2337/dci23-0100
  8. Aronne LJ, Horn DB, le Roux CW, et al. Tirzepatide as Compared with Semaglutide for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-5). N Engl J Med. 2025;393(1):26-36. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2416394

Semaglutide

  1. Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989-1002. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2032183
  2. Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al. Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes (SELECT). N Engl J Med. 2023;389(24):2221-2232. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2307563
  3. Perkovic V, Tuttle KR, Rossing P, et al. Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(2):109-121. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2403347
  4. Frías JP, Davies MJ, Rosenstock J, et al. Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):503-515. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2107519
  5. Kadowaki T, Isendahl J, Khalid U, et al. Semaglutide once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, with or without type 2 diabetes in an east Asian population (STEP 6): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3a trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(3):193-206. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00008-0
  6. Karakasis P, Patoulias D, Fragakis N, Mantzoros CS. Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and co-agonists on body composition: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. Metabolism. 2024;164:156113. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156113
  7. Bikou A, Dermiki-Gkana F, Penteris M, Constantinides TK, Kontogiorgis C. A systematic review of the effect of semaglutide on lean mass: insights from clinical trials. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2024;25(5):611-619. doi:10.1080/14656566.2024.2343092

Cagrilintide

  1. Garvey WT, Blüher M, Osorto Contreras CK, et al. Coadministered Cagrilintide and Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (REDEFINE 1). N Engl J Med. 2025;393(7):635-647. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2502081
  2. Lau DCW, Erichsen L, Francisco AM, et al. Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity: a phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2021;398(10317):2160-2172. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01751-7

Mazdutide

  1. Ji L, Jiang H, Bi Y, et al. Once-Weekly Mazdutide in Chinese Adults with Obesity or Overweight (GLORY-1). N Engl J Med. 2025;392(22):2215-2225. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2411528
  2. Xie Z, Zheng G, Liang Z, et al. Seven glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and polyagonists for weight loss in patients with obesity or overweight: an updated systematic review and network meta-analysis. Metabolism. 2024;161:156038. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156038

GHK-Cu

  1. Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(7):1987. doi:10.3390/ijms19071987
  2. Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:648108. doi:10.1155/2015/648108

KLOW

  1. Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:648108. doi:10.1155/2015/648108
  2. Seiwerth S, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:627533. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.627533
  3. Gwyer D, Wragg NM, Wilson SL. Gastric pentadecapeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing. Cell Tissue Res. 2019;377(2):153-159. doi:10.1007/s00441-019-03016-8
  4. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. doi:10.1517/14712598.2012.634793
  5. Elliott RJ, et al. alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, MSH 11-13 KPV and adrenocorticotropic hormone signalling in human keratinocyte cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;122(4):1010-1019. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22404.x
  6. Lee E, Padgett B. Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain. Altern Ther Health Med. 2021;27(4):8-13. (retrospective series of 16 patients)

PT-141

  1. Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, et al. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000003500
  2. Dhillon S, Keam SJ. Bremelanotide: First Approval. Drugs. 2019;79(14):1599-1606. doi:10.1007/s40265-019-01187-w
  3. Rosen RC, Diamond LE, Earle DC, Shadiack AM, Molinoff PB. Evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of subcutaneously administered PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy male subjects and in patients with an inadequate response to Viagra. Int J Impot Res. 2004;16(2):135-142. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901200
  4. Diamond LE, Earle DC, Heiman JR, Rosen RC, Perelman MA, Harning R. An effect on the subjective sexual response in premenopausal women with sexual arousal disorder by bremelanotide (PT-141), a melanocortin receptor agonist. J Sex Med. 2006;3(4):628-638. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2006.00268.x
  5. Pfaus JG, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101(27):10201-10204. doi:10.1073/pnas.0400491101
  6. Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03167.x
  7. Pfaus JG, Sadiq A, Spana C, Clayton AH. The neurobiology of bremelanotide for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women. CNS Spectr. 2022;27(3):281-289. doi:10.1017/S109285292100002X
  8. Cipriani S, Alfaroli C, Maseroli E, Vignozzi L. An evaluation of bremelanotide injection for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2023;24(1):15-21. doi:10.1080/14656566.2022.2132144
  9. King SH, Mayorov AV, Balse-Srinivasan P, Hruby VJ, Vanderah TW, Wessells H. Melanocortin receptors, melanotropic peptides and penile erection. Curr Top Med Chem. 2007;7(11):1098-1106. PMID:17584130

Lemon Bottle

  1. Humphrey S, Sykes J, Kantor J, et al. ATX-101 for reduction of submental fat: A phase III randomized controlled trial (REFINE-2). J Am Acad Dermatol. 2016;75(4):788-797.e7. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2016.04.028
  2. Rzany B, Griffiths T, Walker P, et al. Reduction of unwanted submental fat with ATX-101 (deoxycholic acid), an adipocytolytic injectable treatment: results from a phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Br J Dermatol. 2014;170(2):445-453. doi:10.1111/bjd.12695
  3. Schuller-Petrovic S, Wölkart G, Höfler G, et al. Tissue-toxic effects of phosphatidylcholine/deoxycholate after subcutaneous injection for fat dissolution in rats and a human volunteer. Dermatol Surg. 2008;34(4):529-542. doi:10.1111/j.1524-4725.2008.34128.x
  4. Hoffmann K. Injektionslipolyse [Injection lipolysis]. Hautarzt. 2010;61(10):847-855. doi:10.1007/s00105-010-1984-x
  5. Pavan R, Jain S, Shraddha, Kumar A. Properties and therapeutic application of bromelain: a review. Biotechnol Res Int. 2012;2012:976203. doi:10.1155/2012/976203
  6. Bylka W, Znajdek-Awiżeń P, Studzińska-Sroka E, et al. Centella asiatica in dermatology: an overview. Phytother Res. 2014;28(8):1117-1124. doi:10.1002/ptr.5110
  7. Lee H, Bae S, Kim K, et al. Beta-Catenin mediates the anti-adipogenic effect of baicalin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;398(4):741-746. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.015

The ingredient list is the manufacturer's. The studies concern the category of injectable fat dissolving and the individual ingredients — not Lemon Bottle itself, for which there is no published clinical study.

Tesamorelin / CJC-1295 No DAC / Ipamorelin

  1. Falutz J, et al. Long-term safety and effects of tesamorelin, a growth hormone-releasing factor analogue, in patients with abdominal fat accumulation. AIDS. 2008;22(14):1719-1728. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e32830a5058
  2. Stanley TL, et al. Effects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomised, double-blind, multicentre trial. Lancet HIV. 2019;6(12):e821-e830. doi:10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30338-8
  3. Teichman SL, et al. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone and IGF-I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(3):799-805. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1536
  4. Raun K, et al. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-561. doi:10.1530/eje.0.1390552
  5. Ellis RJ, Vaida F, Hu K, et al. Effects of Tesamorelin on Neurocognitive Impairment in Persons With HIV and Abdominal Obesity. J Infect Dis. 2025;231(5):1230-1238. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiaf012

BPC-157 / TB-500

  1. Gwyer D, Wragg NM, Wilson SL. Gastric pentadecapeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing. Cell Tissue Res. 2019;377(2):153-159. doi:10.1007/s00441-019-03016-8
  2. Seiwerth S, Milavic M, Vukojevic J, et al. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and Wound Healing. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:627533. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.627533
  3. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. doi:10.1517/14712598.2012.634793
  4. Lee E, Padgett B. Intra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain. Altern Ther Health Med. 2021;27(4):8-13. (retrospective series of 16 patients) PMID:34324435

KPV

  1. Elliott RJ, Szabo M, Wagner MJ, et al. alpha-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone, MSH 11-13 KPV and adrenocorticotropic hormone signalling in human keratinocyte cells. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;122(4):1010-1019. doi:10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.22404.x

GLOW

  1. Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:648108. doi:10.1155/2015/648108
  2. Gwyer D, Wragg NM, Wilson SL. Gastric pentadecapeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing. Cell Tissue Res. 2019;377(2):153-159. doi:10.1007/s00441-019-03016-8
  3. Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. doi:10.1517/14712598.2012.634793

ARA-290

  1. Heij L, Niesters M, Swartjes M, et al. Safety and efficacy of ARA 290 in sarcoidosis patients with symptoms of small fiber neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind pilot study. Mol Med. 2012;18(1):1430-1436. doi:10.2119/molmed.2012.00332
  2. van Velzen M, Heij L, Niesters M, et al. ARA 290 for treatment of small fiber neuropathy in sarcoidosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2014;23(4):541-550. doi:10.1517/13543784.2014.892072
  3. Zhang W, Yu G, Zhang M. ARA 290 relieves pathophysiological pain by targeting TRPV1 channel: Integration between immune system and nociception. Peptides. 2016;76:73-79. doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2016.01.003

NAD+

  1. Trammell SAJ, Schmidt MS, Weidemann BJ, et al. Nicotinamide riboside is uniquely and orally bioavailable in mice and humans. Nat Commun. 2016;7:12948. doi:10.1038/ncomms12948

MOTS-c

  1. Lee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, et al. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metab. 2015;21(3):443-454. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.02.009

SS-31 (Elamipretide)

  1. Thompson WR, Manuel R, Abbruscato A, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of elamipretide in patients with Barth syndrome: 168-week open-label extension results of TAZPOWER. Genet Med. 2024;26(7):101138. doi:10.1016/j.gim.2024.101138
  2. Karaa A, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Individuals With Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy: The MMPOWER-3 Randomized Clinical Trial. Neurology. 2023;101(3):e238-e252. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000207402

Epithalon

  1. Khavinson VKh. Peptides and Ageing. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002;23 Suppl 3:11-144. PMID:12374906
  2. Anisimov VN, Arutjunyan AV, Khavinson VK. Effects of pineal peptide preparation Epithalamin on free-radical processes in humans and animals. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2001;22(1):9-18. PMID:11335874

Glutathione

  1. Richie JP, Nichenametla S, Neidig W, et al. Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione. Eur J Nutr. 2015;54(2):251-263. doi:10.1007/s00394-014-0706-z
  2. Sonthalia S, Daulatabad D, Sarkar R. Glutathione as a skin whitening agent: Facts, myths, evidence and controversies. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2016;82(3):262-272. doi:10.4103/0378-6323.179088
  3. Allen J, Bradley RD. Effects of oral glutathione supplementation on systemic oxidative stress biomarkers in human volunteers. J Altern Complement Med. 2011;17(9):827-833. doi:10.1089/acm.2010.0716

Studies [1] and [2] concern **oral** administration. The product sold here is injectable; the rationale for the route is explained in the text, but it is no substitute for a study.

Kisspeptin-10

  1. Mills EG, Ertl N, Wall MB, et al. Effects of Kisspeptin on Sexual Brain Processing and Penile Tumescence in Men With Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(2):e2254313. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.54313
  2. Thurston L, Hunjan T, Ertl N, et al. Effects of Kisspeptin Administration in Women With Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(10):e2236131. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.36131

Both studies concern **intravenous kisspeptin-54**. The product is kisspeptin-10 — same receptor, different molecule, different route.

Semax

  1. Panikratova YaR, Lebedeva IS, Sokolov OYu, et al. Functional Connectomic Approach to Studying Selank and Semax Effects. Dokl Biol Sci. 2020;490(1):9-11. doi:10.1134/S001249662001007X
  2. Glazova NYu, Manchenko DM, Volodina MA, et al. Semax, synthetic ACTH(4-10) analogue, attenuates behavioural and neurochemical alterations following early-life fluvoxamine exposure in white rats. Neuropeptides. 2020;86:102114. doi:10.1016/j.npep.2020.102114

[2] is a study **in rats**. [1] is in humans, but it measures brain signal — not performance.

Selank

  1. Sarkisova KYu, Kozlovskii II, Kozlovskaya MM. Effects of heptapeptide selank on genetically-based and situation-provoked symptoms of depression in behavior in WAG/Rij and Wistar rats, and in BALB/c mice. Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2008;58(2):226-237. [PMID 18661785] PMID:18661785
  2. Panikratova YaR, Lebedeva IS, Sokolov OYu, et al. Functional Connectomic Approach to Studying Selank and Semax Effects. Dokl Biol Sci. 2020;490(1):9-11. doi:10.1134/S001249662001007X
  3. Kozlovskii II, Danchev ND. The optimizing action of the synthetic peptide Selank on a conditioned active avoidance reflex in rats. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2003;33(7):639-643. doi:10.1023/a:1024444321191

[1] and [3] are **in animals**. The only human study you can read in full is [2], and it measures brain signal — not an anxiety scale.

Oxytocin

  1. Keech B, Crowe S, Hocking DR. Intranasal oxytocin, social cognition and neurodevelopmental disorders: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017;87:9-19. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.022
  2. Liu P, Lin T, Feifel D, Ebner NC. Intranasal oxytocin modulates the salience network in aging. Neuroimage. 2022;253:119045. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119045

Both studies involve **intranasal** administration. [1] specifically covers people with neurodevelopmental disorders — it doesn't carry over as-is to healthy people.

DSIP

  1. Kovalzon VM, Strekalova TV. Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle. J Neurochem. 2006;97(2):303-309. doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03693.x

One single source, and it's **critical**. That's not an omission — that's the state of the literature.

Sermorelin

  1. Prakash A, Goa KL. Sermorelin: a review of its use in the diagnosis and treatment of children with idiopathic growth hormone deficiency. BioDrugs. 1999;12(2):139-157. doi:10.2165/00063030-199912020-00007
  2. Schwartz ID, Grunt JA, Berg S, et al. Growth during and after a trial of growth hormone releasing hormone 1-29 in children with idiopathic short stature or growth hormone neurosecretory dysfunction. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000;13(6):645-650. doi:10.1515/jpem.2000.13.6.645

Both studies involve **children** with deficiency or short stature. There's no comparable body of data in healthy adults.

IGF-1 LR3

  1. Pampusch MS, Xi G, Kamanga-Sollo E, et al. Production of recombinant porcine IGF-binding protein-5 and its effect on proliferation of porcine embryonic myoblast cultures in the presence and absence of IGF-I and Long-R3-IGF-I. J Endocrinol. 2005;185(1):197-206. doi:10.1677/joe.1.06037
  2. Conlon MA, Tomas FM, Owens PC, et al. Long R3 insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) infusion stimulates organ growth but reduces plasma IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF binding protein concentrations in the guinea pig. J Endocrinol. 1995;146(2):247-253. doi:10.1677/joe.0.1460247
  3. Bryant KJ, Read LC, Forsberg G, Wallace JC. Design and characterisation of long-R3-insulin-like growth factor-I muteins which show resistance to pepsin digestion. Growth Factors. 1996;13(3-4):261-272. doi:10.3109/08977199609003227

No human studies. [1] is cells, [2] animals, [3] protein chemistry.

AOD-9604

  1. Heffernan MA, Thorburn AW, Fam B, et al. Increase of fat oxidation and weight loss in obese mice caused by chronic treatment with human growth hormone or a modified C-terminal fragment. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(10):1442-1449. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801740
  2. Orlovius AK, Thomas A, Schänzer W, Thevis M. AOD-9604 does not influence the WADA hGH isoform immunoassay. Drug Test Anal. 2013;5(11-12):850-852. doi:10.1002/dta.1557
  3. Wilding J. AOD-9604 Metabolic. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2004;5(4):436-440. PMID:15134286
  4. Jensen MD. Potential role of new therapies in modifying cardiovascular risk in overweight patients with metabolic risk factors. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2006;14 Suppl 3:143S-149S. doi:10.1038/oby.2006.294

[1] is **in mice**. There's no published randomized human study with a positive result on weight.

5-Amino-1MQ

  1. Neelakantan H, Brightwell CR, Graber TG, et al. Small molecule nicotinamide N-methyltransferase inhibitor activates senescent muscle stem cells and improves regenerative capacity of aged skeletal muscle. Biochem Pharmacol. 2019;163:481-492. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2019.02.008
  2. Sampson CM, Dimet AL, Neelakantan H, et al. Combined nicotinamide N-methyltransferase inhibition and reduced-calorie diet normalizes body composition and enhances metabolic benefits in obese mice. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):5637. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85051-6

Both studies are **in mice**, and they concern the class “NNMT inhibitor,” not 5-amino-1MQ by name.

Melanotan I

  1. Kim ES, Garnock-Jones KP. Afamelanotide: A Review in Erythropoietic Protoporphyria. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2016;17(2):179-185. doi:10.1007/s40257-016-0184-6

The approval and all the data concern a **16 mg implant for erythropoietic protoporphyria**. There's no approved indication for tanning, and no comparable data.

SNAP-8

  1. Blanes-Mira C, Clemente J, Jodas G, et al. A synthetic hexapeptide (Argireline) with antiwrinkle activity. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2002;24(5):303-310. doi:10.1046/j.1467-2494.2002.00153.x
  2. Lim SH, Sun Y, Thiruvallur Madanagopal T, et al. Enhanced Skin Permeation of Anti-wrinkle Peptides via Molecular Modification. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):1596. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18454-z

Both studies concern **argireline** (a hexapeptide). SNAP-8 is its extended analogue — a related molecule, not the same one.

GHRP-2

  1. Laferrère B, et al. GHRP-2, like ghrelin, increases food intake in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(2):611-614. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1719

Crystagen

  1. Molecular aspects of immunoprotective activity of peptides in spleen during ageing. Adv Gerontol. 2014;27(2):257-263.

Cardiogen

  1. Effect of amino acids and cardiogen on myocard tissue culture from young and old rats. Adv Gerontol. 2009;22(4):633-638.

AHK-Cu

  1. Pyo HK, et al. The effect of tripeptide-copper complex on human hair growth in vitro. Arch Pharm Res. 2007;30(7):834-839. doi:10.1007/BF02978833

PNC-27

  1. Sarafraz-Yazdi E, et al. PNC-27 induces tumor cell necrosis dependent on HDM-2. Med Oncol. 2014;31(9):152.

Vilon

  1. Effects of short peptides on thymocyte blast transformation and signal transduction along the sphingomyelin pathway. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2002. doi:10.1023/a:1019830308824

Livagen

  1. The influence of polypeptide liver complex and tetrapeptide KEDA on organism physiological function. Adv Gerontol. 2020.

Ovagen

  1. Tripeptides slow down aging process in renal cell culture. Adv Gerontol. 2014.

Prostamax

  1. Effect of prostate-derived complex peptide preparations on erectile function in chronic prostatitis. Urologiia. 2026.

Thymogen

  1. The First Reciprocal Activities of Chiral Peptide Pharmaceuticals: Thymogen and Thymodepressin. Int J Mol Sci. 2024;25(9):5042. doi:10.3390/ijms25095042

Adamax

  1. Inozemtseva LS, Yatsenko KA, Glazova NY, et al. Antidepressant-like and antistress effects of the ACTH(4-10) synthetic analogs Semax and Melanotan II on male rats in a model of chronic unpredictable stress. Eur J Pharmacol. 2024;984:177068. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177068

And a few without studies

They have no published studies behind them: BAC Water and ACE-031 and B7-33 and FOXO4-DRI and SLU-PP-332 and Matrixyl and Melatonin and N-Acetyl Epitalon and LL-37. That is why on their pages you won’t find a single percentage — and we won’t hide that from you.